Innovation and Technology
Global Trips

Italy
As my tenure as IEEE President comes to an end, I reflect on the many experiences and accomplishments of 2024. In this article, I will share some of my highlights from the last few months, including my visits to Italy, Japan, and the United States.
IEEE AI Ethics Activities and Recent Board Activities
In November, I spoke at IEEE Tencon, a Region 10 conference in Singapore, about IEEE AI Ethics activities and recent IEEE board activities. I also encouraged our younger members to stay with us and make IEEE their professional home. During my visit, I toured the local Schneider Electric Office, a startup called Black Sesame, the IEEE Singapore office, and A-Star, a Singapore government-funded research organization.
Japan
In Kyoto, Japan, I gave a talk at a virtual and physical event for students and young professionals about recent activities approved at the IEEE November board of directors meeting, as well as stronger engagement with industry and how IEEE can be the professional home for our younger members and support their careers. I also visited two milestones in Kyoto.
The first was to Shimadzu Corporation, a biomedical company in Kyoto, where I joined Nobel laureate Koichi Tanaka, who invented the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization technique, which allows ionization of large organic molecules for various medical and biological research applications. This milestone was installed in November 2024.
The second was to the Keage Hydro Power Station, which used water from the Lake Biwa Canal to create electricity for the city starting in 1897. The facility is still working to provide low-carbon power to Kyoto.
Nintendo Museum Visit
Nintendo recently opened a museum near Kyoto. I visited it with 2020 IEEE President Toshio Fukuda, IEEE Council Office’s Makiko Koto, and my Kyoto host, Tomohiro Hase-sensei. We saw animated Nintendo Toads and Toadstools at the museum, which was a unique experience.
Italy
I flew from Kyoto to New Jersey to give out the Charles Proteus Steinmetz award to Gary Hoffman at the IEEE Standards award event and then flew back to San Francisco to attend the IEEE IEDM, International Electron Devices Meeting, to give out three more technical field awards and attend some sessions at the IEDM and the MRAM Forum following the IEDM on Thursday. I also attended an IEEE Magnetics Society standards meeting on Wednesday night.
After spending a half-day at home in San Jose, I headed to Bologna and Milan, Italy, to give some talks in Bologna and give out the IEEE Control Systems Society award at the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC, in Milan, Italy, before heading home for some time with my family.
Concluding Thoughts
As I wrap up my tenure as IEEE President, I am proud of the many accomplishments we have achieved this year. I am grateful for the opportunity to have served and look forward to continuing to be involved with IEEE in the future.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What was your favorite part of your trip to Italy?
A: I enjoyed visiting the Italian Academy of Science and giving a talk about the IEEE and the work of our board.
Q: What was the most memorable moment from your trip to Japan?
A: Visiting the Keage Hydro Power Station and seeing the milestone plaque was a highlight.
Q: What was the most interesting thing you learned during your trip?
A: I learned about the history of Nintendo and its evolution from card games to electronic devices.
Q: What are your plans for the future?
A: I will be working with the 2025 IEEE President, Kathleen Kramer, as IEEE Past President in 2025.
Innovation and Technology
AI and Automation in Business

AI and automation for impact is transforming the way businesses operate, making them more efficient and competitive. With the help of artificial intelligence and automation, companies can streamline their processes, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction. In this article, we will explore the benefits and applications of AI and automation in business.
What is AI and Automation?
AI and automation refer to the use of computer systems to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. These technologies can be applied to various business functions, including customer service, marketing, and operations. AI and automation can help businesses to automate repetitive tasks, analyze large datasets, and make data-driven decisions.
Types of AI and Automation
There are several types of AI and automation, including machine learning, natural language processing, and robotic process automation. Machine learning is a type of AI that enables systems to learn from data and improve their performance over time. Natural language processing is a type of AI that enables systems to understand and generate human language. Robotic process automation is a type of automation that enables systems to automate repetitive tasks.
Benefits of AI and Automation in Business
The benefits of AI and automation in business are numerous. Some of the most significant benefits include increased efficiency, improved accuracy, and enhanced customer experience. AI and automation can help businesses to automate repetitive tasks, freeing up staff to focus on more strategic and creative work. Additionally, AI and automation can help businesses to analyze large datasets and make data-driven decisions.
Increased Efficiency
AI and automation can help businesses to increase their efficiency by automating repetitive tasks. For example, chatbots can be used to provide customer support, freeing up human customer support agents to focus on more complex issues. Additionally, AI-powered tools can be used to automate tasks such as data entry and bookkeeping.
Improved Accuracy
AI and automation can help businesses to improve their accuracy by reducing the likelihood of human error. For example, AI-powered tools can be used to analyze large datasets and identify patterns and trends. Additionally, AI-powered systems can be used to automate tasks such as invoicing and payment processing.
Enhanced Customer Experience
AI and automation can help businesses to enhance their customer experience by providing personalized and responsive service. For example, chatbots can be used to provide customer support and answer frequently asked questions. Additionally, AI-powered tools can be used to analyze customer data and provide personalized recommendations.
Applications of AI and Automation in Business
The applications of AI and automation in business are numerous. Some of the most significant applications include customer service, marketing, and operations. AI and automation can be used to automate repetitive tasks, analyze large datasets, and make data-driven decisions.
Customer Service
AI and automation can be used to improve customer service by providing personalized and responsive support. For example, chatbots can be used to answer frequently asked questions and provide basic support. Additionally, AI-powered tools can be used to analyze customer data and provide personalized recommendations.
Marketing
AI and automation can be used to improve marketing by analyzing large datasets and providing personalized recommendations. For example, AI-powered tools can be used to analyze customer data and identify patterns and trends. Additionally, AI-powered systems can be used to automate tasks such as email marketing and social media management.
Operations
AI and automation can be used to improve operations by automating repetitive tasks and analyzing large datasets. For example, AI-powered tools can be used to automate tasks such as inventory management and supply chain management. Additionally, AI-powered systems can be used to analyze operational data and identify areas for improvement.
Challenges and Limitations of AI and Automation in Business
While AI and automation can provide numerous benefits to businesses, there are also several challenges and limitations to consider. Some of the most significant challenges and limitations include the need for high-quality data, the risk of job displacement, and the need for ongoing maintenance and updates.
Need for High-Quality Data
AI and automation require high-quality data to function effectively. This can be a challenge for businesses that do not have access to large datasets or that have poor data quality. Additionally, AI and automation require ongoing data maintenance and updates to ensure that the systems remain accurate and effective.
Risk of Job Displacement
AI and automation can displace certain jobs, particularly those that involve repetitive tasks. This can be a challenge for businesses that need to manage the impact of job displacement on their employees. However, AI and automation can also create new job opportunities, particularly in areas such as data science and AI development.
Need for Ongoing Maintenance and Updates
AI and automation require ongoing maintenance and updates to ensure that the systems remain accurate and effective. This can be a challenge for businesses that do not have the resources or expertise to maintain and update their AI and automation systems.
Conclusion
In conclusion, AI and automation can provide numerous benefits to businesses, including increased efficiency, improved accuracy, and enhanced customer experience. However, there are also several challenges and limitations to consider, including the need for high-quality data, the risk of job displacement, and the need for ongoing maintenance and updates. By understanding the benefits and challenges of AI and automation, businesses can make informed decisions about how to implement these technologies in their operations.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is AI and automation?
AI and automation refer to the use of computer systems to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
What are the benefits of AI and automation in business?
The benefits of AI and automation in business include increased efficiency, improved accuracy, and enhanced customer experience.
What are the challenges and limitations of AI and automation in business?
The challenges and limitations of AI and automation in business include the need for high-quality data, the risk of job displacement, and the need for ongoing maintenance and updates.
How can businesses implement AI and automation in their operations?
Businesses can implement AI and automation in their operations by identifying areas where these technologies can add value, investing in AI and automation systems, and providing training and support to employees.
What is the future of AI and automation in business?
The future of AI and automation in business is likely to involve increased adoption and implementation of these technologies, as well as ongoing innovation and development of new AI and automation systems.
Innovation and Technology
The Hidden Cost of Convenience: What Meta’s New AI App Means for You

Meta launched a new voice-enabled AI app at its inaugural LlamaCon event on April 29 that’s integrated into Instagram, Messenger and Facebook’s core experiences. The new Meta AI app, built with Llama 4, was conceived as “companion app” for Meta’s AI glasses. While the development of versatile AI apps is promising, the spread of AI assistants to almost all digital platforms, even wearable tech, threatens to accelerate the very busyness they purport to tame.
How AI Assistants Work
AI assistants begin by capturing your input, whether it’s direct keyboard entry or speech converted to text via an automatic‐speech‐recognition engine. Next it packages that text, along with a snippet of recent conversational context, into a “prompt” that’s sent over to a powerful remote model such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT, Meta’s Llama, Google’s Gemini or others. In milliseconds, these models perform billions of parameter computations to predict and assemble a most likely satisfying response.
Advanced AI Assistants
Advanced systems may even combine computer vision with language understanding. For example, you can snap a photo of your utility bill and ask why charges spike in a given month, or take a photo of a broken component of your car and ask for repair advice. Finally, the text response is sent back to your device and, if you’re using voice, rendered into speech by a text-to-speech engine.
Integration of AI Assistants
AI assistants are integrated into many types of software and applications, from Adobe’s Acrobat AI to summarize documents and generate images to Nvidia’s G-Assist in PC games. In consumer products, Amazon’s Alexa powers Echo speakers and smart-home devices, Google Assistant lives on Android phones and Nest speakers, and Apple’s Siri runs on iPhones, Macs and HomePods — each leveraging its own blend of cloud-based or on-device intelligence to understand your requests and take action.
Enterprise Applications
Meanwhile, enterprises are embedding assistants in productivity tools, such as Microsoft 365 Copilot in Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook and Teams, to draft content, analyze data and automate workflows in real time.
The Jevons Paradox and Skill Erosion
The promise of time saved is seductive. Microsoft 365 Copilot drafts executive summaries in seconds, and Duolingo’s AI tutors adapt to each learner’s mistakes in real time. Zoom’s live-transcript search transforms hours of recordings into keyword lookups. Yet those very efficiency gains often spur heavier workloads rather than lighten them. This phenomenon, known as the Jevons paradox, means that technologies make a resource or task “cheaper,” while leading to its increased consumption overall.
The Impact on Workload and Skills
In real-world practice, every minute reclaimed by AI is quickly folded into loftier content quotas or more frequent campaign cycles. Hence the advent of AI assistants may not alleviate the workload of employees. When everyone has access to AI assistants, expectations for output and productivity will be higher. Hence, people in workplaces may feel more stretched than before.
Skill Erosion
In addition to the rising expectations for productivity, AI assistants may also cause skill erosion. Just as reliance on GPS has dulled our innate navigation skills, AI assistants risk hollowing out foundational human capabilities. Students leaning on AI-generated essays lose the muscle for crafting compelling arguments and convincing prose. Financial analysts trusting AI-summarized earnings reports may overlook footnote anomalies or balance-sheet red flags.
Who’s In Control? AI Assistants or Us?
Meta AI’s pledge to put users “in control” assumes that frictionless interfaces equal greater agency. But true agency requires conscious choice, not mere convenience. If your AI assistant presents three “optimal” meeting times, do you pause to question the meeting’s necessity, or do you automatically select one? Moreover, every prompt, share and purchase recommendation feeds back into personalization algorithms, which then shape what you see next. Over time, you become both the user and the used. Your preferences are subtly nudged by models that learn which suggestions keep you clicking, shopping or posting.
Regaining Control
To reap AI’s benefits without ceding our autonomy, organizations and individuals must define clear guardrails, such as:
- Disable nonessential notifications and limit AI-driven summaries to internal drafts, preserving human review for important materials.
- Carve out regular “deep-work” intervals when assistants rest silent, safeguarding time for strategy, reading or unstructured conversation.
- Treat every AI output as a first draft — invest the effort to fact-check, recalculate and consult original sources.
- In mission-critical fields such as medicine, education and finance, design workflows that keep humans firmly in the loop, using AI to augment human judgment, not replace it.
Conclusion
The era of AI assistants is upon us, reshaping our digital interfaces into something resembling natural conversation. By understanding how these systems operate, acknowledging both their genuine efficiencies and hidden costs and deliberately shaping our interactions with them, we can ensure that these tools serve to reclaim our cognitive bandwidth rather than accelerate the relentless pace of modern life.
FAQs
Q: What is the Jevons paradox?
A: The Jevons paradox is a phenomenon where technological advancements make a resource or task “cheaper,” leading to its increased consumption overall, rather than reducing it.
Q: How do AI assistants work?
A: AI assistants capture user input, package it into a prompt, and send it to a powerful remote model to predict and assemble a response.
Q: What are the risks of relying on AI assistants?
A: The risks include skill erosion, increased workload, and loss of control over our digital experiences.
Q: How can we regain control over AI assistants?
A: By defining clear guardrails, such as disabling nonessential notifications, carving out deep-work intervals, and treating AI outputs as first drafts.
Innovation and Technology
Can AI Save Companies In An Economic Downturn?

Could ongoing economic turbulence – or a recession – result in even more widespread adoption of AI and AI agents as a cost-saving move? There’s a risk to business leaders thinking in the event of sour times they could simply lay off workers and swap in AI systems to replace them – such a choice could be extremely counterproductive.
The Challenge of Adopting AI
Cruelty of layoffs aside, the vast majority of businesses simply aren’t ready to simply adopt AI on a wholesale basis, said Phil Fersht, CEO of HFS Research, in a recent interview on Michael Krigman’s CXO Talk. The problem is, Fersht related, is most companies still don’t have the experience, skills and knowledge to implement AI in a smart and scalable way.
The Risk of “Weaponized AI”
Many companies are now “very aware of what they can do, but they’re still yet to have that burning-platform trigger to go do it,” he continued. “My concern is if we plunge into a deep recession, you’re gonna see some organizations literally come out and say, ‘We’re just gonna start relying a lot more on AI, and we’re gonna let people go.'” The risk with such a “weaponized AI,” Fersht explained, is “how advanced they are with embracing this. Are they prepared to do anything?”
Readiness to Adopt AI
In working with many enterprises, Fersht found “they’re not doing a lot.” Only about 15% of executives feel they are truly ready to adopt AI in a positive and intelligent way, his firm has found through surveys. They have “fairly integrated views of where they’re going; they have a strong culture of support, and they’re embracing this.” The majority of companies, he related, “are either still figuring it out or they’re not on the path. And this is just going to become more pronounced as we go through the next few months of macroeconomic turbulence.”
The AI-First Mindset
Fersht emphasized that executives aren’t consciously thinking about getting rid of people. “They’re actually thinking about, ‘How do we break from the past?’ Companies have much data, they don’t know what to do with it. They can’t join it up. They can’t make decisions on it.” Rather, the thinking is breaking away from legacy systems, to start to really build out the new with agentic systems. There is an “AI-first mindset” that is shaping future hiring and skill-acquisition plans. Companies “are now insisting before you hire any new staff, you need to show that this work can’t be done by AI. We’ve reached that point quite quickly.”
Impact on Offshoring and Hiring
The impact on offshoring – previously seen as a way to avoid new hiring – is already tangible, he continued. “Now, C-suite directives are, ‘can we not do this with AI?’ The whole point of agents is really this ability for companies to grow and scale in a way that you don’t need to keep adding more and more people. You do a lot more with the people you have, and I think that’s the positive way to think about this.”
Threat and Opportunity
For people in business, there’s both threat and opportunity. “If you’re in a job where you can be effectively replicated and replaced, you kind of know that, and you need to figure out, ‘how do I continue to add value in an enterprise?’” The value for humans comes from collaboration, people skills and empathy. “If you can become a great person everybody likes to work with, and you become very thoughtful about what you do, and you start to collaborate beyond your existing area, you become very valuable to your company.”
Conclusion
In conclusion, while AI may seem like a threat to some, it also presents an opportunity for businesses and individuals to adapt and grow. By understanding the challenges and limitations of adopting AI, companies can make informed decisions about how to leverage this technology to their advantage. Ultimately, the key to success lies in finding a balance between the benefits of AI and the value of human skills and collaboration.
FAQs
Q: Will AI replace human workers in the event of a recession?
A: While some companies may consider replacing human workers with AI in the event of a recession, this approach can be counterproductive and is not a recommended solution.
Q: How many companies are ready to adopt AI?
A: According to Phil Fersht, only about 15% of executives feel they are truly ready to adopt AI in a positive and intelligent way.
Q: What skills are valuable in an AI-driven economy?
A: Skills such as collaboration, people skills, and empathy are valuable in an AI-driven economy, as they are difficult to replicate with AI.
Q: How is AI changing hiring and skill-acquisition plans?
A: Companies are now insisting that new staff hires demonstrate that their work cannot be done by AI, indicating a shift towards an AI-first mindset.
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