Innovation and Technology
Thinking Precedents

Precedent Thinking: A Framework for Making Better Decisions
What is Precedent Thinking?
Precedent thinking is a decision-making framework that involves considering the precedents, or past decisions, that have been made in similar situations. This approach is based on the idea that history can inform the future, and that by analyzing the outcomes of previous decisions, we can gain valuable insights that can inform our own decision-making.
The Benefits of Precedent Thinking
There are several benefits to using precedent thinking when making decisions. For one, it allows us to learn from the experiences of others, rather than having to start from scratch. This can save time and reduce the risk of making costly mistakes. Additionally, precedent thinking can help us to identify patterns and trends that may not be immediately apparent, and to develop a deeper understanding of the context in which our decisions will be made.
How to Apply Precedent Thinking
So, how can you apply precedent thinking to your own decision-making? Here are a few tips:
* Identify the key factors that led to the desired outcome in the precedent case.
* Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the precedent decision.
* Consider how the precedent decision might be adapted to fit your own situation.
* Use the insights gained from the precedent decision to inform your own decision-making.
Examples of Precedent Thinking in Action
Precedent thinking can be applied to a wide range of situations, from business and finance to personal relationships and everyday life. Here are a few examples:
* A business leader considering a new marketing strategy might look to past successes or failures for insight on what might work best.
* A person considering a major life change, such as a move to a new city, might look to the experiences of others who have made similar decisions.
* A team leader trying to resolve a complex conflict might look to past resolutions of similar conflicts for guidance.
Conclusion
In conclusion, precedent thinking is a powerful tool for making better decisions. By considering the precedents that have come before us, we can gain valuable insights and avoid costly mistakes. By applying the principles of precedent thinking to our own decision-making, we can make more informed, more effective, and more successful choices.
FAQs
Q: What is the difference between precedent thinking and hindsight bias?
A: While both involve considering past events, precedent thinking is focused on using past decisions to inform future decisions, while hindsight bias is the tendency to overestimate the importance of a particular outcome after it has occurred.
Q: Can precedent thinking be used in non-academic or non-professional settings?
A: Yes, precedent thinking can be applied to any situation where past experiences can inform future decisions.
Q: How do I know if a precedent is relevant to my situation?
A: Consider the key factors that led to the desired outcome in the precedent case. If those factors are similar to your own situation, it may be relevant to consider the precedent.
Innovation and Technology
Using Data to Drive Inclusive Decision-Making: A Guide

With the help of software and platforms for DEIA (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility), organizations can make informed decisions that promote inclusivity and drive business success. By leveraging data and analytics, companies can identify areas of improvement and create a more equitable work environment. In this guide, we will explore the importance of using data to drive inclusive decision-making and provide strategies for implementation.
Understanding the Importance of Inclusive Decision-Making
Inclusive decision-making is critical for driving business success and promoting social responsibility. By considering diverse perspectives and experiences, organizations can make more informed decisions that benefit everyone. Moreover, inclusive decision-making can help to identify and address biases, leading to more equitable outcomes.
The Benefits of Inclusive Decision-Making
The benefits of inclusive decision-making are numerous, including improved employee engagement, increased innovation, and enhanced reputation. When employees feel included and valued, they are more likely to be motivated and productive, leading to better business outcomes. Additionally, inclusive decision-making can help to attract and retain top talent, as employees are more likely to want to work for an organization that values diversity and inclusion.
The Role of Data in Inclusive Decision-Making
Data plays a critical role in inclusive decision-making, as it provides insights into the experiences and perspectives of diverse groups. By analyzing data, organizations can identify areas of improvement and develop targeted strategies to address them. Moreover, data can help to measure the effectiveness of inclusive initiatives and track progress over time.
Collecting and Analyzing Data for Inclusive Decision-Making
To use data to drive inclusive decision-making, organizations must first collect and analyze relevant data. This can include data on employee demographics, engagement, and experiences, as well as data on customer demographics and experiences. Additionally, organizations can use data from external sources, such as social media and online reviews, to gain insights into the perceptions and experiences of diverse groups.
Types of Data to Collect
There are several types of data that organizations can collect to inform inclusive decision-making, including demographic data, engagement data, and experience data. Demographic data can provide insights into the diversity of the workforce and customer base, while engagement data can provide insights into employee motivation and productivity. Experience data can provide insights into the experiences of diverse groups, including feedback and concerns.
Tools and Software for Data Collection and Analysis
There are several tools and software available to help organizations collect and analyze data for inclusive decision-making. These include survey software, such as SurveyMonkey and Qualtrics, as well as data analytics platforms, such as Tableau and Power BI. Additionally, organizations can use social media listening tools, such as Hootsuite and Sprout Social, to gain insights into the perceptions and experiences of diverse groups.
Strategies for Using Data to Drive Inclusive Decision-Making
Once organizations have collected and analyzed data, they can use it to inform inclusive decision-making. This can involve using data to identify areas of improvement, develop targeted strategies, and measure the effectiveness of inclusive initiatives.
Identifying Areas of Improvement
Data can help organizations identify areas of improvement, such as gaps in diversity and inclusion, biases in hiring and promotion, and disparities in employee experiences. By analyzing data, organizations can pinpoint specific areas that require attention and develop targeted strategies to address them.
Developing Targeted Strategies
Data can help organizations develop targeted strategies to address areas of improvement. For example, if data shows that a particular group is underrepresented in leadership positions, an organization can develop a strategy to increase diversity in hiring and promotion. Additionally, data can help organizations develop strategies to address biases and disparities in employee experiences.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Inclusive Initiatives
Data can help organizations measure the effectiveness of inclusive initiatives, such as diversity and inclusion training, mentorship programs, and employee resource groups. By tracking key metrics, such as employee engagement and retention, organizations can determine whether their initiatives are having a positive impact and make adjustments as needed.
Best Practices for Using Data to Drive Inclusive Decision-Making
To get the most out of data-driven inclusive decision-making, organizations should follow best practices, such as ensuring data quality, using diverse and representative data sets, and involving diverse stakeholders in the decision-making process.
Ensuring Data Quality
Data quality is critical for accurate and reliable insights. Organizations should ensure that their data is accurate, complete, and up-to-date, and that it is collected and analyzed in a way that is free from bias.
Using Diverse and Representative Data Sets
Organizations should use diverse and representative data sets to ensure that their insights are comprehensive and accurate. This can involve collecting data from a variety of sources, including employee surveys, customer feedback, and social media.
Involving Diverse Stakeholders in the Decision-Making Process
Involving diverse stakeholders in the decision-making process can help ensure that perspectives and experiences are considered. This can involve including diverse employees, customers, and community members in the decision-making process, as well as seeking input from external experts and organizations.
Conclusion
In conclusion, using data to drive inclusive decision-making is critical for driving business success and promoting social responsibility. By collecting and analyzing data, organizations can identify areas of improvement, develop targeted strategies, and measure the effectiveness of inclusive initiatives. By following best practices, such as ensuring data quality and involving diverse stakeholders in the decision-making process, organizations can get the most out of data-driven inclusive decision-making.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is inclusive decision-making?
Inclusive decision-making is the process of considering diverse perspectives and experiences when making decisions. It involves involving diverse stakeholders in the decision-making process and using data and analytics to inform decisions.
Why is inclusive decision-making important?
Inclusive decision-making is important because it can help organizations make more informed decisions that benefit everyone. It can also help to identify and address biases, leading to more equitable outcomes.
How can organizations collect and analyze data for inclusive decision-making?
Organizations can collect and analyze data for inclusive decision-making by using survey software, data analytics platforms, and social media listening tools. They can also collect data from external sources, such as customer feedback and social media.
What are some best practices for using data to drive inclusive decision-making?
Some best practices for using data to drive inclusive decision-making include ensuring data quality, using diverse and representative data sets, and involving diverse stakeholders in the decision-making process.
How can organizations measure the effectiveness of inclusive initiatives?
Organizations can measure the effectiveness of inclusive initiatives by tracking key metrics, such as employee engagement and retention. They can also use data to evaluate the impact of initiatives on diverse groups and make adjustments as needed.
Innovation and Technology
Microsoft Confirms Password Spraying Attack — What You Need To Know

Introduction to Password Spraying Attacks
With a billion stolen passwords up for sale on dark web criminal marketplaces, and infostealer malware attacks continuing to add to that number, it’s no wonder that cybercriminals are turning to automatic password hacking machines in their nefarious campaigns. Microsoft has issued a warning of a new password spraying attack by a hacking group identified only as Storm-1977 that is targeting cloud tenants.
Beware This Password Spraying Attack, Microsoft Warns
The Microsoft Threat Intelligence team has published a new warning after observing hackers taking particular advantage of unsecured workload identities in order to gain access to containerized environments. With Microsoft research showing that 51% of such workload identities being completely inactive over the past year, it’s no wonder that threat actors are exploiting this attack surface. The password spraying attack exploited a command line interface tool called AzureChecker to “download AES-encrypted data that when decrypted reveals the list of password spray targets,” the report said.
How the Attack Works
The password spraying attack specifically targeting cloud tenants in the education sector, has now been pinned on the Storm-1977 threat group. The attack enabled the Storm-1977 hackers to then leverage a guest account in order to create a compromised subscription resource group and, ultimately, more than 200 containers that were used for cryptomining. The successful attack was made possible by the use of a command line interface tool called AzureChecker, which was used to download AES-encrypted data that contained the list of password spray targets.
How to Mitigate Password Spraying Attacks in General
Talk to just about any cybersecurity professional, and the solution to the problem of password spraying attacks is simple: eliminate passwords. Passwords are no longer enough to keep us safe online. The move towards a passwordless future has already begun for many as they start on the passkey journey. Chris Burton, head of professional services at Pentest People, says that “where possible, we should be using passkeys, they’re far more secure, even if adoption is still patchy.” Lorri Janssen-Anessi, director of external cyber assessments at BlueVoyant, agrees that businesses should consider passwordless solutions, such as authentication methods using biometrics and secure tokens.
Mitigating the AzureChecker Password Spraying Container Attack Threat
Microsoft recommends the following mitigations to prevent password spraying attacks:
- Use strong authentication when exposing sensitive interfaces to the internet.
- Use strong authentication methods for the Kubernetes API to help prevent attackers from gaining access to the cluster even if valid credentials such as kubeconfig are obtained.
- Avoid using the read-only endpoint of Kubelet on port 10255, which doesn’t require authentication.
- Configure the Kubernetes role-based access controls for each user and service account to have only those permissions that are absolutely necessary.
Conclusion
The Microsoft password spraying attack warning should tell us that password reuse is bad, and compromised passwords can be used to facilitate further hacking activity. Credential stuffing is something that isn’t going to go away, and newer threats are only accelerating this risk. It’s time to consider passwordless solutions, such as passkeys, biometrics, and secure tokens, to keep our online accounts secure.
FAQs
- What is a password spraying attack?
A password spraying attack is a type of cyber attack where hackers use automated tools to try a large number of passwords against a targeted system or account. - How can I prevent password spraying attacks?
To prevent password spraying attacks, use strong authentication methods, such as passkeys, biometrics, and secure tokens, and avoid using weak passwords or reusing passwords across multiple accounts. - What is the risk of password spraying attacks?
The risk of password spraying attacks is that they can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive systems and data, and can be used to facilitate further hacking activity, such as cryptomining or data theft. - How can I protect my cloud tenants from password spraying attacks?
To protect your cloud tenants from password spraying attacks, use strong authentication methods, such as Azure Active Directory, and configure role-based access controls to limit access to sensitive resources. - What is the future of password security?
The future of password security is likely to involve a move towards passwordless solutions, such as passkeys, biometrics, and secure tokens, which can provide stronger and more convenient authentication methods.
Innovation and Technology
AI Revolutionizes Software Development

Introduction to Vibe Coding
In the rapidly evolving landscape of software development, one month can be enough to create a trend that makes big waves. In fact, only two months ago, Andrej Karpathy, a former head of AI at Tesla and an ex-researcher at OpenAI, defined “vibe coding” in a social media post. This approach to software development uses large language models (LLMs) to prioritize the developer’s vision and user experience, moving away from conventional coding practices. The code no longer matters. Vibe coding is less about writing code in the conventional sense and more about making the right requests to generative AI (aka a Forrester coding TuringBot) to produce the desired outcome based on the developer’s “vibe” or intuition about how the application should look, feel, and behave.
The Future Of Software Development Is Already Here
As cited in a YouTube video from Y Combinator (YC) titled “Vibe coding is the future,” a quarter of startups in YC’s current cohort have codebases that are almost entirely AI-generated (85% or more). The essence of vibe coding lies in its departure from meticulously reviewing TuringBot LLMs’ suggested code line by line. Instead, developers quickly accept the AI-generated code. And if something doesn’t work or fails to compile, they simply ask the LLM to regenerate it or fix the errors by prompting them back into the system. This method has gained traction for several reasons, notably the significant improvements in integrated development environments and agent platforms such as Cursor and Windsurf; voice-to-text tools like Superwhisper; and LLMs such as Claude 3.7 Sonnet. These advancements have made AI-generated code more reliable, efficient, and, importantly, more intuitive to use, keeping developers’ hands off the keyboard and eyes on the bigger picture.
The viral reaction to Karpathy’s concept of vibe coding, with close to 4 million instant views and countless developers identifying with the practice, underscores a broader shift in the software development paradigm. This shift aligns with Forrester’s insights on TuringBots, which predicted a surge in productivity through AI by 2028. The reality is outpacing expectations, however, with significant impacts occurring much sooner. Vibe coding won’t fade away.
The Role Of The Software Developer Will Bifurcate
The advent of vibe coding and the proliferation of TuringBots are creating two distinct types of developers. On one side, developers will transform into product engineers who, while perhaps adept at traditional coding, excel in utilizing generative AI (genAI) tools to produce “apparently working” software based on domain expertise and some knowledge on the steps and tools needed to build software. These developers focus on the outcome, continuously prompting AI to generate code and assessing its functionality with no understanding of the underlying technology and code.
The philosophy is to just keep accepting code until it does what you want. Not only that, but they don’t spend hours fixing a bug or finding the problem, since they can ask a well-trained coder TuringBot to do that for them or can just ask it to roll back and regenerate the code again. This approach may challenge our classical view of computer science skills, suggesting a shift toward developers who are more orchestrators of software development process steps than coding craftsmen. The concern of how we’ll develop good developers over the years is gone, because you’ll trust AI to do a good job. And if you want good developers, genAI will help those on the development trajectory learn faster.
On the other side of the spectrum are the high-coding architects. These individuals possess a deep understanding of coding principles and are essential for ensuring that software meets crucial service-level agreements such as security, integration, and performance before deployment. It’s kind of what good developers do today. Their role becomes increasingly critical as the reliability and complexity of AI-generated code grows. For only the super-critical IT capabilities, most likely for back-end code, these high-coding capable architects need to write, review, and edit code while also making sure that the TuringBots have all the context they need to do a better job.
A Bigger Role For Testing And Testers
As AI-generated code becomes more trusted, the barrier to entry for software development lowers, giving rise to a growing population of vibe-coding developers. These individuals use natural language, not as a specification language but as the only interface to generate substantial portions of code and entire applications. As a result, high coding democratizes software development, just as low-code did for businesspeople. As I’ve always recommended for TuringBots, testing should once more be relaunched as a key validation step. For building a weekend project or a product demo to get funding, vibe coding would work just fine, but it requires more scrutiny for being adopted by enterprises and mature product vendors. In fact, this approach necessitates a reassessment of testing and quality assurance processes for everything that comes out of vibe coding. Organizations must place a greater emphasis on end-to-end functional testing, which, ironically, can also be facilitated by LLMs at the request of the product engineers. In fact, product engineers and/or testers could just ask the LLM to both generate and execute the end-to-end tests for them.
Some Critical Questions Remain Unanswered
Looking at AI-enabled software development through a traditional lens and for enterprise use highlights significant risks. Is it wise to deploy unreviewed (and, at best, automatically tested) code directly into production? As AI improves, many of these concerns may diminish, but here are some critical considerations:
- Debugging versus coding. Developers may find themselves spending more time debugging code when genAI fails to resolve errors. This emphasizes the continued need for strong developer skills (but, I’d add, less than what we’ve traditionally needed). Yet the ratio between coding and debugging time inverts.
- Energy consumption. Does the obsessive generation and regeneration of code via LLMs lead to higher energy use compared to structured software development lifecycle (SDLC) methods? Accurate cost assessments are yet to be conducted.
- Application complexity. Vibe coding currently seems to work for front-end development because LLMs have a lot of front-end code to be trained on, but how would it work on back-end coding?
- Testing necessity. Comprehensive testing remains crucial, though not all built functionality will require it. Much of this can be automated as testing TuringBots improve. But this raises the question of whether organizations possess the necessary skills.
- Intellectual property protection. Will the emerging generative agents safeguard your IP as effectively as more traditional tools such as GitHub Copilot or Amazon Q?
- Talent development. Are you prepared to nurture talent geared toward product engineers and “vibe coding” as opposed to the more rigorous path of architectural engineers? How will testing competencies develop? What about other roles?
These questions highlight the evolving challenges and opportunities in software development as AI technologies advance.
So Where Do We Go From Here?
In my view, vibe coding will further reduce the complicated and elaborated SDLC to just “generate” and “validate,”. Vibe coding is not just a fad but a signal of the transformative impact that AI is having on software development. As this trend continues to evolve, it will be imperative for enterprises and software vendors to adapt their strategies, recognizing the value of both product engineers and coding architects. This developer duality will be crucial in navigating the future landscape, where the ability to harness AI effectively will distinguish successful software projects. The challenge will be in balancing innovation with the rigor of traditional software development principles, ensuring that the software not only works but that it scales securely, efficiently, and reliably. Platforms will have to quickly move from supporting AppDev to supporting AppGen, which is not a simple exchange of words.
Conclusion
Vibe coding represents a significant shift in the software development paradigm, one that leverages large language models to prioritize the developer’s vision and user experience. As AI technologies continue to advance, it is essential for enterprises and software vendors to adapt their strategies to recognize the value of both product engineers and coding architects. By embracing this developer duality and balancing innovation with traditional software development principles, organizations can navigate the future landscape of software development and create successful software projects that scale securely, efficiently, and reliably.
FAQs
Q: What is vibe coding?
A: Vibe coding is an approach to software development that uses large language models to prioritize the developer’s vision and user experience, moving away from conventional coding practices.
Q: How does vibe coding work?
A: Vibe coding involves making the right requests to generative AI to produce the desired outcome based on the developer’s “vibe” or intuition about how the application should look, feel, and behave.
Q: What are the benefits of vibe coding?
A: Vibe coding can reduce the complicated and elaborated SDLC to just “generate” and “validate,” and can democratize software development.
Q: What are the challenges of vibe coding?
A: The challenges of vibe coding include debugging versus coding, energy consumption, application complexity, testing necessity, intellectual property protection, and talent development.
Q: How will vibe coding change the role of software developers?
A: Vibe coding will create two distinct types of developers: product engineers who utilize generative AI tools to produce “apparently working” software, and high-coding architects who possess a deep understanding of coding principles and are essential for ensuring that software meets crucial service-level agreements.
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